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DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 

BUKEAU  Of  EDUCATION. 


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INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  IN  EUROPE. 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOR, 
BUREAU  OF  EDUCATION, 

Washington,  October  20,  1830. 

The  accompanying  papers  respecting  the  Higher  Commercial  Institute  of  Antwerp, 
Belgium,  tho  Federal  Polytechnic  School  at  Ziirich,  Switzerland,  the  Higher  Com- 
mercial arvl  Silk  "Weaving  School,  at  Lyons,  Frauce,  and  the  Higher  Commercial 
School  of  Marseilles,  France,  exhibit  the  ways  in  which  Europeans  deal  with  the  de- 
mand for  a  practical  business  education. 

JOHN  EATON, 

Commissioner. 

I 


OFPIOE. 

1880. 


U 


J        -     .  EDUC.- 

^  a  i-  - 


INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  IN  EUROPE. 


I.  HIGHER  COMMERCIAL  INSTITUTE,  ANTWERP,  BELGIUM. 

The  Itistitut  superieur  de  commerce  was  establislied  by  royal  decree  of  October  20, 
1352,  at  the  expense  of  the  Belgian  government  and  of  the  city  of  Antwerp. 

The  course  of  study  lasts  two  years.  The  age  of  the  pupils  ranges  from  18  to  20. 
Each  student  pays  25  francs  matriculation  fee.  The  tuition  fees  are  200  francs  for  the 
first  and  250  francs  for  the  second  year.  A  special  fee  of  100  francs  is  charged  for  a 
course  in  the  commercial  office. 

The  examination  for  admission  is  held  annually  before  a  commission  appointed  by 
the  government  and  presided  over  by  the  director  of  the  institution.  The  subjects  of 
examination  are:  A  French  composition  and  a  translation  from  French  into  German  and 
English  j  physical  geography ;  commercial  arithmetic ;  elements  of  algebra  and  geom- 
etry ;  book-keeping ;  rudiments  of  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry ;  rudiments  of 
universal  history.  A  preparatory  course  of  instruction  is  given  by  the  professors  of 
the  institution.  It  lasts  from  Easter  until  August  15.  The  fee  for  this  preparatory 
course  is  100  francs.  In  this  course  special  attention  is  paid  to  foreign  students. 
Pupils  who  have  completed  their  collegiate  education  are  admitted  without  exam- 
ination. The  examination  at  the  end  of  the  first  year  for  admission  to  the  course  of 
the  second  year  takes  place  at  the  close  of  the  annual  session.  The  director,  the 
professors,  and  the  government  inspector  are  the  examiners.  At  the  end  of  the  second 
year  a  special  examining  board  appointed  by  the  government  confers  the  degree  of 
licentiate  in  commercial  sciences  upon  such  students  as  pass  the  requisite  examination. 
Belgian  students  who  have  displayed  special  proficiency  may  obtain  government 
aid  which  will  enable  them  to  travel  abroad  for  several  years.  A  sum  of  40,000  francs 
is  annually  appropriated  for  this  purpose  in  the  budget  of  the  minister  of  foreign 
affairs.  All  the  examinations  are  free  of  expense  to  the  students. 

The  lectures  commence  in  the  second  week  of  October.  Being  delivered  hi  French* 
foreign  pupils  muse  have  previously  acquired  som&  knowledge  of  that  language.  Tlie 
transactions  in  the  commercial  office  are  carried  on  in  the  languages  generally  used 
in  commerce. 

A  library  composed  of  commercial  works  and  an  extensive  museum  of  mercantile 
products  are  connected  with  the  institution. 

The  institution  is  placed  under  the  control  of  a  committee  of  seven  members,  the 
burgomaster  of  the*  city  of  Antwerp  being  ex  officio  president.  The  other  six  mem- 
bers are  appointed  three  by  the  government  and  three  by  the  municipal  council  of 
Antwerp. 

PROGRAMME   OF   THE   COURSE. 
PREPARATORY  COURSE. 

French,  German,  English,  history,  geography,  book-keex>iug,  arithmetic,  algebra, 
geometry,  natural  history,  -chemistry. 

The  foregoing  branches  are  the  subjects  of  examination  for  admission  to  the  first 
year  class. 

FIRST  YEAR. 

I.  Mercantile  office  (three  hours  every  day) :  Transactions  of  a  general  business 
house  ;  practical  demonstration  and  application  of  commercial  arithmetic  ;  invoices ; 

3 


01241 


4  INDUSTRIAL    EDUCATION    IN   EUROPE. 

account  sales;  account  of  charges;  accounts  current;  commercial  calculations  and 
valuations;  exchange  operations;  public  fuuds;  book-keeping;  commercial  contracts- 
arbitration  of  exchanges ;  bills  of  lading;  insurance;  weights  and  measures.  Every 
operation  is  entered  in  books  kept  by  single  and  double  entry;  these  books  are  bal- 
anced, stock  is  taken,  and  the  affairs  of  the  house  liquidated  at  the  end  of  the  year. 
Correspondence  is  carried  on  in  French,  German,  English,  and  Dutch. 

II.  DcMcription  of, the  following  commercial  articles  (three  hours  a  week):  Sulphur, 
phosphorus,  iodine,  carbon,  ammonia,  arsenic,  metals,  potash,  soda,  lime,  magnesia, 
aluminium,  barium,  manganese,  iron,  steel,  cast  iron,  oxide,  sulphate  and  cyanide  of 
iron,  chromium  and  chromates,  cobalt,  smalt,  zinc  and  its  compounds,  tin,  lead  and 
its  compounds,  bismuth,  antimony,  copper  and  its  compounds,  mercury,  gold,  silver, 
platinum,  aromatic  roots,  timber,  dye  woods,  barks  and  cinnamon,  laurel,  senna,  sumac, 
tea,  tobacco,  flowers  and  fruits  of  all  kinds,  hemp,  clover,  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats, 
buckwheat,  rice,  flour,  coffee,  cotton,  flax,  vegetables,  raw  and  refined  sugars. 

III.  Political  economy  and  statistics  (two  hours  a  week)  :  Object  of  political  economy; 
nature  and  utility  of  this  science;  causes  which  have  impeded  its  progress ;  analysis 
of  the  elements  of  production ;  labor,  natural  agents;  capital,  of  what  it  consists  and 
what  part  it  is  acting  in  production ;  classification  of  capital;  how  capital  is  created 
and  increased ;  importance  of  increase ;  inquiry  into  the  causes  of  the  greater  and  smaller 
productiveness  of  the  producing  powers  in  different  countries ;  property;  division  of 
labor:  ideas  of  Adam  Smith  on  this  subject;  values:  their  definition;  the  laws  whicli 
regulate  them;  supply  and  demand;  the  expenses  of  production  ;  prices;  money;  the 
value  of  money  ;  variation  in  the  value  of  precious  metals  and  the  consequences  result- 
ing from  it  to  economy  and  society  in  general ;  credit :  general  notions  of  credit ;  its 
importance  in  production ;  institutions  of  credit,  or  banks ;  various  descriptions  of 
banks ;  banks  of  deposit,  commercial  banks,  banks  of  circulation  ;  circulation  of  irre- 
deemable paper  or  paper  money ;  credit  on  laud ;  credit  as  a  means  of  rendering  the 
use  of  money  less  frequent;  influence  of  credit  on  prices:  commercial  crises;  eciuilib.. 
rium  between  production  and  consumption  ;  international  trade:  necessity  and  advan 
tag^s  thereof;  free  trade  between  the  different  nations ;  the  system  of  protection  ;  in- 
fluence of  money  on  international  exchanges ;  the  forms  of  production ;  the  principle 
of  association  ;  commercial  companies;  production  on  a  large  and  on  a  small  scale  ; 
distribution  of  wealth;  wages :  in  what  manner  wages  are  regulated  ;  population :  the 
opinions  of  Malthus  on  this  subject ;  how  the  condition  of  those  who  receive  wages 
may  be  improved;  profits:  analysis  of  the  elements  which  constitute  them;  in  what 
manner  they  aro  regulated ;  the  rate  of  interest ;  rent  of  laud ;  theory  of  Ricardo  ;  in 
what  manner  governments  procure  the  necessary  resources  to  provide  for  the  public 
service ;  taxes:  their  influence  on  the  development  of  wealth ;  necessity  of  taxes ;  pro- 
gressive tax  and  proportional  tax;  income  tax;  imposition  of  taxes;  public  credit; 
state  loans ;  annuities  ;  redemption;  whether  loans  are  preferable  to  taxes  to  meet  ex- 
traordinary exigencies;  statistics:  their  object,  utility,  character,  division,  &c. 

IV.  Commercial  and  industrial  geography  (three  hours  a  week) :  Topographical  and 
statistical  information  on  the  different  countries  of  the  world.    This  information,  which 
is  derived  from  the  latest  consular  reports  and  the  most  recent  communications,  refers 
to  the  following  points :  Topographical  situation ;  constitution  of  the  soil ;  mineral, 
vegetable,  and  animal  kingdoms ;  political  and  social  condition  of  countries ;  financial 
condition;  national  wealth;  prosperity  and  decline :  theircauses;  principal  productions 
of  each  country :  commodities  which  can  be  procured  from  various  countries  with 
advantage;  exports  of  various  countries ;  principal  products  for  which  there  is  demand 
indifferent  countries;  countries  particularly  supplied  by  Belgium  ;  statistics  of  im- 
ports; the  character  of  the  economical  #nd  tariff  legislation  of  each  country;  hin- 
drances A\\(\  facilities  in  the  way  of  trade  ;  tastes  and  habits  of  the  population  relative 
to  trade;  origin  and  causes  of  commercial  relations  between  the  various  countries. 

V.  Law  (one  hour  a  week) :    Preparatory  instruction  for  the  study  of  commercial 
law ;  general  remarks  on  the  matter  contained  in  the  first  two  books  of  the  civil  code ; 


INDUSTRIAL   EDUCATION    IN   EUROPE.  5 

examination  of  the  general  principles  of  obligation ;  contracts;  sales;  partnerships; 
loans ;  securities,  &c. 

VI.  Danish  (three  liours   a  week):    Pronunciation,  reading,  grammar,  dictation, 
translations,  correspondence. 

VII.  Italian  (tliree  hours  a  week) :  Pronunciation,  reading,  grammar,  dictation, 
translations,  correspondence. 

VIII.  German  (three  hours  a  week) :  Reading,  correspondence,  grammar,  transla- 
tions. 

IX.  English  (three  hours  a  week) :  Reading,  grammar,  correspondence. 

X.  Dutch  (two  hours  a  week):   Pronunciation,  grammar,  exercises,  composition, 
correspondence,  ^conversation. 

SECOND  YEAR. 

I.  Mercantile  office  (three  hours  a  week):  Conditions  of  sales  and  purchases;  gen- 
eral usages  in  the  commercial  markets  of  the  different  parts  of  the  world ;  commission 
business;  the  fitting  out  of  vessels;  insurance;  banking;  imports  and  exports ;  prac- 
tice in  book-keeping ;  making  out  bills ;  exchange ;  reports  relating  to  commerce ; 
finances  and  industry  in  various  countries ;  correspondence  in  French,  Dutch,  English, 
German,  Spanish,  and  Italian.     The  mercantile  office  keeps  commercial  newspapers 
from  London,  Liverpool,  Amsterdam,  Hamburg,  Havre,  New  York,  Havana,  Rio  de 
Janeiro,  Buenos  Ayres,  Valparaiso,  Sydney,  East  India,  and  China.     All  these  papers 
are  at  the  disposal  of  the  students. 

II.  Description  of  mercantile  articles  and  products  (two  hours  a  week) :  The  course 
includes  the  study  of  gum,  India  rubber,  balsam,  turpentine,  tar,  oils,  oilcakes,  fer- 
mented products,  salts,  bones,  glue,  rawhides,  skins,  hair,  feathers,  wool,  grease,  tal- 
low, honey,  guano,  meat,  fish,  &c.,  cast  and  wrought  iron,  wire,  needles,  nails,  cut- 
lery, sheet  iron,  tin  plates,  wire  gauze,  metal  utensils  and  apparatus,  beaten  gold  and 
silver,  armory,  printing  types,  artificial  cement,  bricks,  tiles,  pipes,  crockery,  porce- 
lain, glass,  bottles,  soap,  wax,  varnish,  ink,  oil  cloth,  colors  and  paints,  spun  flax, 
spinning  mills,  cloths,  flannels,  blankets,  merinos,  carpets,  yarn,  velvets,  silks,  hosiery, 
ribbons,  lace,  gloves,  hats,  leather,  morocco,  paper,  pasteboard,  cigars,  tobacco,  tools. 

III.  General  history  of  commerce  and  industry  (two  hours  a  week) :  History  of  commerce 
and  industry  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  fall  of  the  Roman  empire ;  first  rise  of 
industry  and  commerce;  the  first  arts  and  their  inventors;  industry  and  trade  in 
Phoenicia,  Egypt,  Palestine,  and  India;  trade  of  Carthage;  industry  and  trade  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans;  slavery  in  ancient  times;  its  organization  and  influence  on  the 
development  of  trade  and  industry:  condition  of  industry  and  trade  and  social  condi- 
tion of  the  people  at  the  period  of  the  Roman  empire ;  reorganization,  of  industry 
after  the  invasion  of  the  barbarians;  systems  of  corporation;  hindrances  which  the 
feudal  system  opposed  to  the  development  of  industry  and  commerce ;  to  what  causes 
the  Italian  republics  and  the  towns  of  the  Hanseatic  league  owed  their  commercial 
prosperity;  cursory  view  of  trade  and  industry  in  Flanders;  to  what  particular  causes 
the  prosperity  of  Belgium  from  the  earliest  period  of  the  middle  ages  is  to  be  ascribed ; 
condition. of  industry  and  commerce  of  the  world  at  the  period  of  the  discovery  of 
America;  from  the  discovery  of  America  up  to  the  invention  of  the  steam  engine;  in- 
fluence of  the  discovery  of  the  new  world  on  trade  and  industry;  new  colonies  and 
colonial  systems;  effects  of  these  systems;  commercial  prosperity  of  Holland  and  its 
causes ;  decline  of  the  industry  and  trade  of  Belgium  after  the  treaty  of  Minister ; 
manufacturing  system  of  Colbert  and  its  influence  on  the  development  of  French  in- 
dustry;  the  edict  of  Nantes  and  the  pernicious  effects  of  religious  persecution  on  in- 
dustry and  trade ;  Cromwell's  navigation  act ;  the  creation  of  the  banks  of  England 
and  Scotland;  Law's  system  and  the  evils  to  which  it  gave  rise;  origin  of  economical 
science;  history  of  the  first  progress  of  political  economy  and  the  authors  who  began 
to  pursue  it;  sketch  of  the  condition  of  trade  and  industry  at  the  period  of  the  inven- 
tion of  the  steam  engine;  inventions  of  Watt,  Arkwright,  Hargreaves,  Crompton,  &c., 
and  their  influence  on  production ;  character  of  the  vast  industry  to  which  these  inven~ 


6  INDUSTRIAL    EDUCATION   IN   EUROPE. 

tions  gave  rise ;  tlio  impetus  they  gavo  to  the  industry  and  commerce  of  England  ;  tho 
French  revolution  and  its  influence  on  the  trade  and  industry  of  the  world  ;  the  indus- 
trial and  commercial  progress  realized  by  the  principal  nations  from  tho  peace  of  1815 
to  the  present  time:  ways  of  communication :  railroads;  steamboats;  telegraphs;  eco- 
nomical reforms  of  England  find  their  influence;  general  condition  of  commerce  and 
industry  at  the  present  time;  the  monetary  question;  emigration:  its  causes  and  in- 
fluence; recapitulation;  progress  made  by  society;  in  what  manner  civilization,  which 
was  at  first  local,  became,  after  wards  universal. 

IV.  Commercial  and  maritime  legislation  compared.     Principles  of  international  law  (two 
hours  a  week)  :  Complete  study  of  commercial  law  and  the  modifications  introduced 
up  to  the  present  time  ;  associations  and  companies  ;  bills  of  exchange ;  failures  and 
bankruptcies;  maritime  law;  theory  of  insurances,  &c. ;  laws  concerning  consulates, 
pilotage,  and  maritime  police,  and  passes  ;  disciplinary  and  penal  code  for  the  mer- 
cantile navy  and  sea  fishery ;  laws  on  licenses,  letters  patent,  weights  and  measures  . 
arbitration;  general  remarks  on  commercial  and  maritime  legislation  of  the  principal 
countries;  principles  of  international  law  in  their  relation  to  commerce  ;  definition 
and  object  of  international  law ;  origin,  character,  guarantees,  sanction,  and  sources  of 
this  law;  European  equilibrium;  progress  of  this  law  ;  public  treaties ;  rights  of  neu- 
tral parties  in  time  of  war ;  importance  of  the  flag,  &c. 

V.  Customs  legislation  (one  hour  a  week) :  Importance  of  this  subject ;  relation  be- 
tween political  economy  and  the  legislation  of  customs  and  tariffs  ;  what  is  understood 
by  protection ;  comparison  of  free  trade  and  protective  systems ;  different  kinds  of 
duties  ;  duties  on  imports  ;  duties  on  exports ;  duties  on  transits ;  duties  on  naviga- 
tion; different  modes  of  applying  and  collecting  duties;  duties  ad  valorem;  duties 
on  weight;  bonded  warehouses,  docks,  free  ports,  &c. ;  the  administration  of  customs; 
relations  between  the  customs  and  the  navy  ;  smuggling  ;  the  colonial  system  of  Eu- 
rope, its  effects  upon  political  economy  ;  modern  tendency  to  substitute  freedom  for 
restrictions;   colonial  system  of  Holland;  modifications  which  the  colonial  system 
underwent  in  England  in  1833  and  1834;  emancipation  of  the  slaves;  general  survey 
of  the  Belgian  tariff;  the  German  Z  oil  verein ;  tariffs  of  France,  the  United  States  of 
America,  and  other  countries. 

VI.  -Ship  building  and  fitting  out  (one  hour  a  week) :  Nomenclature  and  description  of 
the  different  parts  of  the  hull,  spars,  and  rigging  of  a  merchant  ship ;  calculations  of  tho 
tonnage  according  to  the  laws  of  different  countries ;  maintenance  and  repair  of  wooden 
and  iron  vessels ;  materials  used  in  ship  building ;  visits  to  the  ship  yards  at  Antwerp  ; 
modea  of  loading  and  unloading  ;  regulations  relative  to  the  transport  of  emigrants. 

VII.  Commercial  and  industrial  geography  (three  hours  a  week):     Review  of  the  first 
year's  course. 

VIII.  Political  economy  and  statistics  (two  hours  a  week):  Review  of  the  last  year's 
course. 

IX.  German  (three  hours  a  week)  :    Conversation,  commercial  correspondence,  in- 
voices, accouutSjibills  of  exchange,  bills  of  lading,  manifests,  &c. 

X.  English  (three  hours  a  week) :    Conversation,  English  commercial  law,  bills  of 
exchange,  and  other  commercial  writings. 

XI.  Italian  (three  hours  a  week) :    Exercises,  translations,  conversation ;  review  of 
the  first  year's  course. 

XII.  Danish  (three  hours  a  week) :    Mercantile  letters,  conversation,  translations. 

XIII.  Dutch  :  Review  of  the  first  year's  course,  correspondence,  reading  of  classical 
authors,  conversation. 

II.     HIGHER  COMMERCIAL  AND  SILK- WEAVING  SCHOOL,  LYONS,  FRANCE. 

The  tfcole  snpe'rieuro  do  commerce  et  do  tissage,  founded  by  a  stock  company,  with 
a  capital  of  1,200,000  francs,  is  under  the  special  patronage  of  the  chamber  of  com- 
merce of  Lyons. 

The  school  admits  boarders  and  day  scholars.  There  arc  two  sections,  the  com- 
mercial and  the  weaving  section. 


INDUSTRIAL    EDUCATION    IN    EUROPE.  7 

In  the  commercial  section,  the  subjects  taught  arc  book-keeping,  trade  anil  banking 
operations,  penmanship,  commercial  geography,  study  of  various  raw  materials, 
modern  languages,  commercial  law,  political  economy,  the  moral  duties  of  the  business 
man,  drawing,  and  sketching.  The  course  of  the  commercial  section  lasts  two  years. 
Pupils  who  pass  a  satisfactory  examination  at  the  end  of  the  second  year  receive  a 
diploma. 

In  the  weaving  section  the  course  of  studies  lasts  one  year.  The  pupils  attend  a 
course  of  lectures  on  the  theory  of  cloth  weaving,  and  spend  several  hours  every  day 
in  working  at  the  different  looms.  The  workshops  of  the  different  schools  contain  four- 
teen looms  of  various  description,  including  steam  power  looms.  After  a  satisfactory 
examination,  the  pupils  receive  a  diploma  of  capacity. 

III.     FEDERAL  POLYTECHNIC  SCHOOL,  ZURICH. 

The  Eidgenossische  Polytcchnicuui  had  564  regular  students  and  2*33  hearers  in 
1878-79,  against  640  regular  students  and  283  hearers  in  1877-78.  There  was,  there- 
fore, a  decrease  of  76  in  the  number  of  regular  students  and  of  40  in  the  number  of 
hearers.  Of  the  564  regular  students,  300  were  Swiss  and  264  foreigners ;  in  1877-78, 
there  were  331  Swiss  and-  309  foreigners.  Of  the  264  'foreigners  in  1878-79,  94  were 
from  Austria-Hungary,  44  from  Germany,  34  from  Italy,  2  from  America,  18  from 
Boumania  and  Servia,  14  fron  Russia,  10  from  Sweden  and  Norway,  7  from  Great 
Britain,  5  from  Denmark,  4  from  Holland,  4  from  France,  2  from  Turkey,  2  from 
Greece,  and  1  from  Egypt. 

Of  51  candidates,  47  successfully  passed  the  examination  for  a  diploma.  Since  the 
establishment  of  the  school  979  diplomas  have  been  conferred,  viz :  79  to  architects, 
309  to  civil  engineers,  241  to  mechanical  engineers,  139  to  chemists,  115  to  students  of 
forestry  and  agriculture,  and  96  to  special  teachers  who  had  completed  their  courses 
in  the  normal  section. 

The  library  of  the  school  has  been  increased  by  1,077  volumes;  the  total  number  of 
volumes  is  now  21,561.  The  school  takes  120  periodical  publications. 

^    IV.  THE  HIGHER  COMMERCIAL  SCHOOL  OF  MARSEILLES,  FRANCE. 

The  ficole  snperieure  de  commerce  of  Marseilles,  which  is  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  provides  a  good  scientific  and  commercial  education  for 
yoiuig  men  who  are  to  become  clerks,  book-keepers,  merchants,  managers  of  commer- 
cial and  industrial  establishments,  &c.,  and  enables  them  not  only  to  direct  the  inland 
trade  of  France,  bur-  also  to  enlarge  tho  mercantile  relations  of  France  with  foreign 
countries. 

No  pupil  is  admitted  unless  he  has  completed  his  fourteenth  year. 

The  total  duration  of  studies  is  three  years.  The  first  year's  studies  are  purposely 
adapted  to  prepare  native  and  foreign  pupils  to  the  technical  courses  of  the  second 
and  third  year.  They  include  mathematics  and  natural  sciences,  as  well  as  the  study 
of  French  and  English.  It  is  an  excellent  preliminary  course,  suited  to  a  large  num- 
ber of  French  pupils  and  indispensable  to  almost  all  foreign  pupils. 

The  classes  for  modern  languages  correspond  in  the  second  year  to  the  hours  of  free 
study  in  the  first,  so  that  the  pupils  of  the  latter  may,  with  the  consent  of  their  parents 
or  guardians,  learn  these  languages  from  the  very  beginning  of  their  admission. 
ts  In  the  second  and  third  years  the  pupils  are  taught  trade  and  commerce  in  general. 
The  courses  of  these  two  years  are  to  initiate  them  into  the  practice  of  business  and 
give  them  a  sufficient  knowledge  of  the  laws  which,  govern  public  wealth.  They  are 
also  taught  to  speak  and  write  with  propriety  and  ease  the  language  used  in  business, 
either  French  or  any  other  tongue. 

£  The  course  of  study  in  the  first  year  being  essentially  preliminary,  pupils  are  ad- 
mitted without  any  previous  examination.  Nevertheless  they  must  write  legibly  and 
possess  a  knowledge  of  orthography  and  composition,  arithmetic,  simple  and  com- 
pound rules,  tables  of  weights  and  measures,  proportion,  and  fractions.  They  must 


8  INDUSTRIAL    EDUCATION    IN   EUROPE. 

further  bo  able  to  answer  questions  on  the  principal  divisions  of  the  earth  and  on  the 
leading  events  in  the  history  of  their  country. 

During  the  first,  year  great  care  is  taken  in  the  teaching  of  French  to  foreign  pupils. 

The  courses  of  the  second  and  third  years  continue  the  scientific  and  commercial  in- 
struction. Students  who  wish  to  pass  from  the  first  course  to  the  second  have  to  un- 
dergo a  thorough  examination  on  all  branches  taught  during  the  first  year.  If  they 
fail  in  the  examination,  they  have  to  resume  their  studies  in  the  preliminary  class. 

Graduates  of  universities  may  dispense  with  the  examination ;  they  are,  however, 
required  to  write  a  good  hand  and  to  possess  a  rudimentary  knowledge  of  French  and 
English.  Any  other  young  man,  to  be  admitted  directly,  has  to  pass  an  examination 
on  the  scientific  part  of  the  programme 

Are  admitted  to  the  course  of  the  thirrT  year  : 

1.  Pupils  of  the  second  year  who  pass  the  examination  at  the  end  of  that  year  ; 

2.  Students  who,  without  having  followed  the  courses  of  the  first  and  second  years, 
prove  in  an  examination  that  they  possess  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  branches  form- 
ing the  courses  of  the  preceding  years. 

PRELIMINARY  INSTRUCTION. 
FIRST  YEAR. 

Writing  (4  hours) :  Neat,  clear,  and  legible  hand.     Letter  writing. 

French  (5  hours) :  Grammar,  spelling,  and  composition. 

Arithmetic  (6  hours):  Leading  rules;  decimals;  fractions;  square  root;  proportion, 
and  progression;  simple  and  compound  interest;  discount;  French  and  foreign  weights 
and  measures ;  logarithms ;  mental  arithmetic. 

Mathematics  and  natural  sciences  (3  hours):  First  steps  in  algebra;  elementary  geom- 
etry; mensuration;  solid  measures;  first  steps  in  mechanics;  elementary  zoology, 
botany,  and  geology. 

Chemistry  and  physics  (3  hours). 

Cosmography  and  geography  (3  hours). 

Book-keeping  (Ihour). 

English  (5  hours). 

This  makes  30  hours  of  lessons  a  week. 

TECHNICAL  INSTRUCTION. 
SECOND  AND  THIRD  YEARS. 

French  (3  hours) :  Grammatical  difficulties  and  peculiarities  of  the  language ;  com- 
mercial correspondence;  reports;  drawing  up  of  commercial  documents. 

Commercial  office  (second  year,  9  hours ;  third  year,  12  hours) :  Arithmetic ;  purchases 
and  sales  in  varies  countries:  account  current ;  account  sales;  book-keeping;  joint 
accounts ;  consignments ;  coins  and  paper  money  ;  weights  and  measures ;  commer- 
cial usages  and  conditions  of  foreign  markets ;  arbitration  of  exchanges ;  public  funds ; 
shares  and  bonds ;  inventory ;  dissolution  of  partnership. 

The  pupils  of  the  third  year  are  divided  into  several  offices  and  firms.  These  firms 
keep  up  a  regular  correspondence  with  one  another  in  the  language  of  the  country  to 
which  the  office  is  supposed  to  belong.  They  ^solicit  or  open  credit,  and  they  pur- 
chase and  sell  to  one  another  all  kinds  of  goods. 

Special  study  of  merchandise  (3  hours) :  Agricultural  and  colonial  products  ;  raw  ma- 
terials; textiles;  dyes  and  drugs;  fabrics;  ores  and  minerals;  assaying  and  analysis 
of  goods ;  study  of  the  most  important  chemical  principles  of  agriculture  and  the 
leading  manufactures. 

In  this  course  the  pupils  are  taught  how  to  distinguish  the  staple  articles  of  every 
country.'  The  school  possesses  a  collection  of  samples  and  a  laboratory  for  chemical 
analysis. 

The  pupils,  under  the  direction  of  the  professor,  visit  as  often  as  necessary  maim- 


INDUSTRIAL   EDUCATION   IN   EUROPE.  9 

factories,  warehouses,  building  yards,  &c.,  where  they  acquire  the  practical  knowl- 
edge of  things  taught  in  school. 

Commercial  geography  (3  hours)  :  Commercial  geography  of  the  globe;  map  drawing; 
marketable  products;  area,  population,  climate;  condition  of  the  soil ;  manners  and 
customs  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  various  parts  of  the  world;  languages  used  in 
business;  commercial  companies  and  institutions;  emigration  and  immigration;  de- 
scription of  ports  and  harbors;  commercial  centres;  conveyances;  telegraphic  lines; 
imports  and  exports;  hygiene  in  hot  climates. 

Legislation  and  political  economy  (3  hours) :  Fundamental  principles  of  morality  and 
political  economy;  lectures  on  the  civil,  commercial,  and  maritime  laws ;  maritime 
insurance ;  international  law ;  commercial  legislation  in  various  countries ;  history 
of  commercial  treaties. 

Ship  outfit  (2  hours). 

Conferences  in  French  (2  hours) :  In  these  conferences  the  pupils  have  to  treat,  each 
in  his  turn,  in  the  presence  of  their  professors  and  comrades,  various  questions  of 
book-keeping,  commercial  geography,  merchandise,  legislation,  and  political  economy. 

Penmanship  (3  hours). 

English  (5  hours) :  Grammatical  studies,  commercial  correspondence,  conferences. 

Optional  languages  (3  hours) :  Arabic,  modern  Greek,  German,  Italian,  and  Spanish. 

The  school  is  a  day  school,  receiving  the  pupils  at  8  A.  M.  and  dismissing  them  at  6 
p.  M.  Foreign  pupils  board  in  private  houses  in  the  city. 

Besides  the  weekly  examinations,  general  examinations  are  held  every  three  months 
in  all  the  subjects  taught  in  school.  Accounts  of  the  results  of  the  examinations  are 
sent  to  the  parents  or  guardians. 

The  examinations  at  the  end  of  the  year  decide  whether  a  pupil  may  go  into  a, 
higher  course  or  not. 

Diplomas  of  merit  and  certificates  of  studies  are  given  to  pupils  leaving  at  the  end 
of  the  third  year,  according  to  the  notes  obtained  and  the  result  of  the  final  exam- 
ination. 

The  council  of  administration  does  not  lose  sight  of  the  former  pupils  of  the  school. 
A  register  of  offers  and  demands  of  employment  is  opened  in  the  director's  office,  and 
facilitates  the  placing  of  pupils  who  are  without  situations  after  they  have  left  school. 

The  school  recognizes  as  former  pupils  only  those  who  have  obtained  either  a  di- 
ploma or  a  certificate  of  studies. 

The  school  year  begins  on  the  15th  of  October  and  ends  on  the  loth  of  August. 

The  school  fees  are  400  francs  for  the  first  year,  GCO  francs  for  the  second  year,  and 
800  francs  for  the  third  year.  They  are.  payable  in  advance. 

The  greatest  care  is  taken  to  foster  a  spirit  of  manliness  and  truthfulness  and  a 
high  sense  of  duty  among  the  pupils,  and  the  discipline  is  administered  only  by  an 
appeal  to  these  noble  feelings.  No  pupil  of  bad  habits  is  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
school.  Punctuality  of  attendance  is  rigorously  enforced.  Notes  of  inquiry  are  sent 
when  a  pupil  is  absent,  and  no  pupil  can  reenter  his  class  without  showing  a  written 
excuse  from  his  parents  or  guardians. 

2 


-i 
J 


LIBRARY 

TIL.  NO.  642-4209 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  01 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  aresubject to  immediate  recall. 


LD  2lA-l5m-ll,'72 
(Q5761S10)476— A-32 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


